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Fort Pemberton
Fort Pemberton was one of the larger confederate forts was constructed in the defense of Charleston, South Carolina during the American Civil War. When Charleston was overwhelmed by Union forces in 1861, it became evident that control of the western regions of James Island and the Stono River was to be an important element in the defense of the city. Confederate military authorities of the time believed that Union occupation of James Island would leave Charleston subject to attack from the southeast. From this position the city would assuredly fall to the Union. Although there were many gun batteries in place along the south and east side of James Island, Fort Pemberton was the only fortress in defense of this region.
== Construction ==
Fort Pemberton employed largely slave labor drawn from the neighboring plantations. The fort was of earthen construction,〔"With the introduction of the rifled Parrott cannon during the decade preceding the civil war, vertical masonry walls became obsolete as an effective form of fortification. These rifled cannons rapidly shattered masonry walls into stone splinters, producing damage that was difficult to repair. Military engineers quickly realized that the rifled cannons were least effective against earth and sand fortifications. Such offered greater protection against cannon impact and could be rapidly and effectively repaired. Consequently Civil War fortifications were almost exclusively earthworks."〕 except for the framing over the earth-covered shot furnace and powder magazines, which were suspected to be of being wood. The fort's original section was constructed in 1862 by order of Confederate Brig. General John C. Pemberton, who was at the time commander of the Charleston defenses and had the distinction of having the fort named for him. The fort was a heavily fortified structure. It represented an evolved example of Confederate military engineering.
The building's shape was pentagonal with armed redoubts along the perimeter. The fort measured approximately 400 feet by 350 feet with walls 10 to 12 feet high and 20 feet thick at the base. An additional 700-foot-long rampart was constructed the following year which directly flanked the original section on the southeast.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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